Figure 1: Dependence of the ablated depth by GHz burst LIPAA process on the intra-pulse number in GHz burst pulse for the various intra-pulse fluence (0.18, 0.22, 0.27, 0.36, 0.44 and 0.53 J/cm2). GHz ...
Nanoparticles exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties compared to bulk materials, making them valuable in applications such as electronics, photovoltaics, catalysis, and biomedical sciences.